TY - JOUR
T1 - Women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease lose protection against cardiovascular disease
T2 - A longitudinal cohort study
AU - Allen, Alina M.
AU - Therneau, Terry M.
AU - Mara, Kristin C.
AU - Larson, Joseph J.
AU - Watt, Kymberly D.
AU - Hayes, Sharonne N.
AU - Kamath, Patrick S.
N1 - Funding Information:
Guarantor of the article: Alina M. Allen, MD. Specific author contributions: Conception or design of the work: A.M.A. and T.M.T. Acquisition and analysis of data: T.M.T., K.C.M., and J.J.L. Interpretation of data: A.M.A., T.M.T., K.D.W., S.N.H., and P.S.K. Drafting of the manuscript: A.M.A. Revision for critically important intellectual content and final approval of the version to be published: T.M.T., K.D.W., S.N.H., and P.S.K. Financial support: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases DK115594 (A.M.A.); American College of Gastroenterology Junior Faculty Award (A.M.A). This study was made possible using the resources of the REP, which is supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01AG034676. The funding sources did not have any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Potential competing interests: None.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by The American College of Gastroenterology.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the top cause of mortality in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Female sex is protective against CV disease. We aimed to determine whether female sex remains a protective factor against CV disease (myocardial infarction, angina, and stroke) in NAFLD. METHODS: We identified all adults diagnosed with NAFLD in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1997 and 2014 and selected an age-and sex-matched (1:4) referent cohort from the general population. NAFLD was ascertained using a code-based algorithm with high validity tested by medical record review. The impact of female sex on incident CV events was examined using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis stratified by standard clinical risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 3,869 NAFLD and 15,209 age-and sex-matched referent subjects were identified. After a median follow-up time of 7 (range 1-20) years, 3,851 CV events were recorded. Female sex was protective for ischemic CV events in the general population (hazard ratio 5 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.80, P < 0.001), but the impact was significantly diminished among those with NAFLD (hazard ratio 5 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.74-1.08, P 5 0.25), even after stratification by timedependent CV risk factors and control for diagnostic testing (liver enzymes and ultrasound) during routine medical evaluations, as a surrogate of access to care. Among those with NAFLD, excess events were higher in women than in men: CV disease (18% vs 9%) and mortality (9% vs 6%). DISCUSSION: Women with NAFLD lose the CV protection conferred by the female sex, and their risk is underestimated by current estimating methods in clinical practice.
AB - OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the top cause of mortality in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Female sex is protective against CV disease. We aimed to determine whether female sex remains a protective factor against CV disease (myocardial infarction, angina, and stroke) in NAFLD. METHODS: We identified all adults diagnosed with NAFLD in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1997 and 2014 and selected an age-and sex-matched (1:4) referent cohort from the general population. NAFLD was ascertained using a code-based algorithm with high validity tested by medical record review. The impact of female sex on incident CV events was examined using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis stratified by standard clinical risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 3,869 NAFLD and 15,209 age-and sex-matched referent subjects were identified. After a median follow-up time of 7 (range 1-20) years, 3,851 CV events were recorded. Female sex was protective for ischemic CV events in the general population (hazard ratio 5 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.80, P < 0.001), but the impact was significantly diminished among those with NAFLD (hazard ratio 5 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.74-1.08, P 5 0.25), even after stratification by timedependent CV risk factors and control for diagnostic testing (liver enzymes and ultrasound) during routine medical evaluations, as a surrogate of access to care. Among those with NAFLD, excess events were higher in women than in men: CV disease (18% vs 9%) and mortality (9% vs 6%). DISCUSSION: Women with NAFLD lose the CV protection conferred by the female sex, and their risk is underestimated by current estimating methods in clinical practice.
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U2 - 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000401
DO - 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000401
M3 - Article
C2 - 31577570
AN - SCOPUS:85074551089
SN - 0002-9270
VL - 114
SP - 1764
EP - 1771
JO - American Journal of Gastroenterology
JF - American Journal of Gastroenterology
IS - 11
ER -