@article{889a6e875e41421abaf330a05fac595c,
title = "Transcranial magnetic stimulation potentiates glutamatergic neurotransmission in depressed adolescents",
abstract = "Abnormalities in glutamate neurotransmission may have a role in the pathophysiology of adolescent depression. The present pilot study examined changes in cortical glutamine/glutamate ratios in depressed adolescents receiving high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ten adolescents with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder received up to 30 sessions of 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 120% motor threshold with 3000 pulses per session applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans of the anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were collected at 3 T with 8-cm3 voxels. Glutamate metabolites were quantified with 2 distinct proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequences in each brain region. After repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and at 6 months of follow-up, glutamine/glutamate ratios increased in the anterior cingulate cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with both measurements. The increase in the glutamine/glutamate ratio reached statistical significance with the TE-optimized PRESS sequence in the anterior cingulate cortex. Glutamine/glutamate ratios increased in conjunction with depressive symptom improvement. This reached statistical significance with the TE-optimized PRESS sequence in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may modulate glutamate neurochemistry in depressed adolescents.",
keywords = "Adolescent depression, Glutamate, Glutamine, Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation",
author = "Croarkin, {Paul E.} and Nakonezny, {Paul A.} and Wall, {Christopher A.} and Murphy, {Lauren L.} and Sampson, {Shirlene M.} and Frye, {Mark A.} and Port, {John D.}",
note = "Funding Information: Financial disclosure: Dr. Croarkin reports research grant support from Pfizer, National Institute of Mental Health (K23 MH100266), Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, and Mayo Foundation. He has served as a site subprincipal or principal investigator (without additional compensation) for Eli Lilly and Co, Indianapolis, Indiana; Forest Laboratories, Inc, New York, New York; Merck and Co, Inc, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey; and Pfizer Inc. Dr. Croarkin has received in kind support for research studies (disposable Senstar shields) from Neuronetics and Assurex (genotyping). Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K23MH100266 (Dr Croarkin) and by a 2011 Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation Fellowship (Dr Wall). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Neuronetics provided equipment for the study (disposable Senstar shields) but had no involvement in the protocol design, execution of the study, or data analyses. We thank the Paul and Betty Woolls{\textquoteright} Foundation for providing generous infrastructure support of the Mayo Clinic neurostimulation program. The content of this report is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, or the NIMH. Funding Information: This study was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K23MH100266 (Dr Croarkin) and by a 2011 Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation Fellowship (Dr Wall). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Neuronetics provided equipment for the study (disposable Senstar shields) but had no involvement in the protocol design, execution of the study, or data analyses. We thank the Paul and Betty Woolls{\textquoteright} Foundation for providing generous infrastructure support of the Mayo Clinic neurostimulation program. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.",
year = "2016",
month = jan,
day = "30",
doi = "10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.11.005",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "247",
pages = "25--33",
journal = "Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging",
issn = "0925-4927",
publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
}