@article{bd1e62c9aa924e28a4aca73dfb76231a,
title = "Sex and Depot Differences in Palmitoleic Acid Content of Human Blood and Fat",
abstract = "Palmitoleic acid has been classified as an insulin-sensitizing lipokine, but evidence for this from human studies has been inconsistent. We hypothesized that this is related to either the types of samples or conditions under which samples are collected. We measured plasma palmitoleic acid and total free fatty acids (FFA) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography in blood samples collected from 34 adults under a variety of conditions. We collected duplicate samples of adipose (n = 10), FFA (n = 9), and very low density lipoprotein triacylglycerol (VLDL-TAG) (n = 7) to measure the palmitoleic acid as a percentage of total fatty acids. We tested whether the percentage of palmitoleic acid was correlated with insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adipose stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD-1) protein was measured by capillary Western blotting. FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage increased as a function of total FFA and was greater (p < 0.005) in females than males. Adipose palmitoleic acid percentage was greater in females than males (p < 0.001), as was adipose SCD-1. Palmitoleic acid was greater in femoral fat than in abdominal fat in both females and males (p < 0.001), and correlated positively with HOMA-IR only in females. The test–retest reliability values for percentage palmitoleic acid were 7 ± 10% for adipose, 24 ± 26% for VLDL, and 53 ± 31% for FFA. Because FFA-palmitoleic acid percentage varies as a function of total FFA, investigators should re-evaluate how palmitoleic acid data is presented. The positive relationship between adipose palmitoleic acid and HOMA-IR in females suggests that it is not a potent insulin-sensitizing lipokine in humans.",
keywords = "Abdominal adipose tissue, Femoral adipose tissue, Free fatty acids, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography",
author = "Paola Ramos and Bush, {Nikki C.} and Jensen, {Michael D.}",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to the volunteers for their dedication and commitment to the study. We are grateful to Barb Norby, Carley Vrieze, Darlene Lucas, Debra A. Harteneck, as well as the Mayo Clinic CRU nursing staff for their technical assistance and help with data collection. This work was supported by grants DK40484, DK45343, DK50456, and R00585 from the U.S. Public Health Service and by the Mayo Foundation. The project described was also supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number UL1 TR000135. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Because none of these studies was considered clinical trials at the time they were conducted, they are not registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. P.R. analyzed samples and data, interpreted results of experiments, prepared figures, drafted manuscript, edited and revised manuscript, and approved final version of manuscript. N.B. performed experiments, analyzed samples and data, interpreted results, edited and revised manuscript, and approved final version of manuscript. M.D.J. conceived and designed the study, interpreted results of experiments, edited and revised manuscript, and approved final version of manuscript. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Funding Information: We are grateful to the volunteers for their dedication and commitment to the study. We are grateful to Barb Norby, Carley Vrieze, Darlene Lucas, Debra A. Harteneck, as well as the Mayo Clinic CRU nursing staff for their technical assistance and help with data collection. This work was supported by grants DK40484, DK45343, DK50456, and R00585 from the U.S. Public Health Service and by the Mayo Foundation. The project described was also supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number UL1 TR000135. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Because none of these studies was considered clinical trials at the time they were conducted, they are not registered on ClinicalTrials.gov . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 AOCS",
year = "2020",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1002/lipd.12212",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "55",
pages = "63--72",
journal = "Lipids",
issn = "0024-4201",
publisher = "Springer Verlag",
number = "1",
}