Renal dysfunction and orthotopic liver transplantation: Management strategies and indications for combined liver and kidney transplantation

Renal dysfunction is a growing problem in patients awaiting liver transplant. New strategies have been developed to deal with this problem. Combined liver/kidney transplant is a viable option for the patient with combined end-organ damage. There is growing concern over the long-term consequence of chronic calcineurin inhibitor therapy for chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Multiple new strategies to deal with this have been proposed. They have had variable success, and further research is needed.