@article{c91ca878a037429a86eaed72a1c7d084,
title = "Instability After Total Knee Arthroplasty",
abstract = "Instability is one of the most common causes of failure after total knee arthroplasty. Although there are several contributing causes, surgical error and poor implant design selection contribute. For this reason, an accurate diagnosis is fundamental and is largely based on a thorough history and physical examination. In general, tibiofemoral instability can be classified into 3 different patterns: flexion instability, genu recurvatum, and extension instability. In this article, these 3 patterns are reviewed in greater depth.",
keywords = "Failure, Instability, Revision total knee arthroplasty, Total knee arthroplasty",
author = "Umberto Cottino and Sculco, {Peter K.} and Sierra, {Rafael J.} and Abdel, {Matthew P.}",
note = "Funding Information: When evaluating a painful TKA, the surgeon must first exclude infection as a primary cause of the failure. A contemporary approach has been proposed by the Musculoskeletal Infection Society 13 and is supported by other studies. 14–16 Diagnostic tests include erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and an arthrocentesis looking at synovial white blood cell count, differential, and cultures. For this reason, an arthrocentesis is always performed to evaluate the articular fluid and rule out infection. Instability can present with hemarthrosis secondary to intra-articular microtrauma and is another diagnostic clue. 3 Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Elsevier Inc.",
year = "2016",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.ocl.2015.09.007",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "47",
pages = "311--316",
journal = "Orthopedic Clinics of North America",
issn = "0030-5898",
publisher = "W.B. Saunders Ltd",
number = "2",
}