@article{9db977b9a4964411a29c3dfbf262a664,
title = "Confirming a Historical Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis: Challenges and Recommendations",
abstract = "Patients with a historical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) - a patient presenting with a diagnosis of MS made previously and by a different clinician - present specific diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in clinical practice. Application of the McDonald criteria is most straightforward when applied contemporaneously with a syndrome typical of an MS attack or relapse; however, retrospective application of the criteria in some patients with a historical diagnosis of MS can be problematic. Limited patient recollection of symptoms and evolution of neurologic examination and MRI findings complicate confirmation of an earlier MS diagnosis and assessment of subsequent disease activity or clinical progression. Adequate records for review of prior clinical examinations, laboratory results, and/or MRI scans obtained at the time of diagnosis or during ensuing care may be inadequate or unavailable. This article provides recommendations for a clinical approach to the evaluation of patients with a historical diagnosis of MS to aid diagnostic confirmation, avoid misdiagnosis, and inform therapeutic decision making.",
author = "Solomon, {Andrew J.} and Georgina Arrambide and Wallace Brownlee and Cross, {Anne H.} and Gaitan, {Mar{\'i}a I.} and Lublin, {Fred D.} and Naila Makhani and Mowry, {Ellen M.} and Reich, {Daniel S.} and {\`A}lex Rovira and Weinshenker, {Brian G.} and Cohen, {Jeffrey A.}",
note = "Funding Information: A.J. Solomon is funded by NIH/NINDS K02NS109340; has received compensation for consulting or advisory boards from EMD Serono, Genentech, Biogen, Alexion, Celgene, Octave Bioscience, and Greenwich Biosciences, compensation for nonpromotional speaking from EMD Serono, and research support from Biogen; and participated in contracted research with Biogen, Novartis, Actelion, and Genentech. G. Arrambide has received compensation for consulting services or participation in advisory boards from Sanofi, Merck, and Roche, research support from Novartis, travel expenses for scientific meetings from Novartis, Roche, Stendhal, and ECTRIMS, and speaking honoraria from Sanofi, Merck, and Roche; is the editor for Europe of: Multiple Sclerosis Journal—Experimental, Translational and Clinical; and is a member of the International Women in Multiple Sclerosis (iWiMS) network executive committee. W. Brownlee has received speaker honoraria for educational activities and/or participation in advisory boards for Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. Anne H. Cross has received honoraria from: Biogen, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, Greenwich Biosciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Roche, and TG Therapeutics and performed contracted research for EMD Serono and Genentech. M.I. Gait{\'a}n has received reimbursement for developing educational presentations and/or travel/accommodations stipends from Merck Serono Argentina, Biogen Idec Argentina, Bayer Inc Argentina, Roche Argentina, Genzyme Argentina and Novartis Argentina, and Teva-Tuteur Argentina. F.D. Lublin has participated in consulting, advisory boards, or data safety monitoring boards for Biogen, EMD Serono, Novartis, Teva, Actelion/Janssen, Sanofi/Genzyme, Acorda, Roche/Genentech, MedImmune/Viela Bio, Receptos/Celgene/BMS, TG Therapeutics, MedDay, Atara Biotherapeutics, Mapi Pharma, Innate Immunotherapeutics, Apitope, Orion Biotechnology, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, GW Pharma, Mylan, Immunic, Population Council, Avotres, and Neurogene, as a speaker for Sanofi (nonpromotional) and EMD Serono (nonpromotional), and has research funding from Novartis, Actelion, Biogen, Sanofi, NMSS, NIH, and Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics. N. Makhani has no financial conflicts related to this work and is funded by the NIH/NINDS (grant number K23NS101099) and the Charles H. Hood Foundation. E.M. Mowry has received free medication for a clinical trial on which she is PI from Teva; is site PI of studies sponsored by Biogen and Genentech; has received funding for investigator-initiated studies from Biogen, Genentech, and Sun Pharma; and has received royalties for editorial duties from UpToDate. D.S. Reich is supported by funding from the NINDS/NIH Intramural Research Program and has received research funding from Vertex Pharmaceuticals. {\`A}. Rovira serves/served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Synthetic MR, Roche, Biogen, TensorMedical, and OLEA Medical and has received speaker honoraria from Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck Serono, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Novartis, Roche, and Biogen. B.G. Weinshenker receives royalties from RSR Ltd, Oxford University, Hospices Civil de Lyon, and MVZ Labor PD Dr. Volkmann und Kollegen GbR for a patent of NMO-IgG as a diagnostic test for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and served on adjudication committee for clinical trials conducted by MedImmune/Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics, Alexion, and UCB Biosciences; he consulted for Chugai/Roche/Genentech and Mitsubishi-Tanabe regarding a clinical trial for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; he has received honoraria for speaking at internal meetings for Genentech and Novartis and external meetings for Roche. J.A. Cohen received personal compensation for consulting for Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Convelo, Genentech, Janssen, NervGen, Novartis, and PSI, speaking for H3 Communications, and serving as an Editor of Multiple Sclerosis Journal. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} American Academy of Neurology.",
year = "2022",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001149",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "12",
pages = "263--269",
journal = "Neurology: Clinical Practice",
issn = "2163-0402",
publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
number = "3",
}