@article{5534e3bf90a44620a50009319f3fbc30,
title = "Conductivities of three-layer line human skull",
abstract = "Electrical conductivities of compact, spongiosum, and bulk layers of the live human skull were determined at varying frequencies and electric fields at room temperature using the four-electrode method. Current, at higher densities that occur in human cranium, was applied and withdrawn over the top and bottom surfaces of each sample and potential drop across different layers was measured. We used a model that considers variations in skull thicknesses to determine the conductivity of the tri-layer skull and its individual anatomical structures. The results indicate that the conductivities of the spongiform (16.2-41.1 milliS/m), the top compact (5.4-7.2 milliS/m) and lower compact (2.8-10.2 milliS/m) layers of the skull have significantly different and inhomogeneous conductivities. The conductivities of the skull layers are frequency dependent in the 10-90 Hz region and are non-ohmic in the 0.45-2.07 A/m2 region. These current densities are much higher than those occurring in human brain.",
keywords = "Conductivity, Electroencephalography, Live human skull, Magnetoencephalography",
author = "M. Akhtari and Bryant, {H. C.} and Mamelak, {A. N.} and Flynn, {E. R.} and L. Heller and Shih, {J. J.} and M. Mandelkem and A. Matlachov and Ranken, {D. M.} and Best, {E. D.} and Dimauro, {M. A.} and Lee, {R. R.} and Sutherling, {W. W.}",
note = "Funding Information: * Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA. +Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA. ^ Department of Neurology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA. ~ Department of Neurosciences, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA. #Department of Physics, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. % Epilepsy and Brain Mapping Program, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, CA, USA. & Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. $Department of Radiology, VA Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA. < Senior Scientific, Albuquerque, NM, USA. > Scientific Software Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. Accepted for publication: November 27, 2001. This study was supported by National Institutes of Neurological Diseases and Stroke Grant NS20806, National Center for Research Resources Grant RR13276, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, The Epilepsy and Brain Mapping Program, S. Robert, and D. Zeilstra. LA-UR-01-4834. Correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed to Massoud Akhtari M.S., Epilepsy and Brain Mapping Program, 10 Congress St. Suite 505, Pasadena, CA, USA, 91105. Copyright 2002 Human Sciences Press, Inc.",
year = "2002",
doi = "10.1023/A:1014590923185",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "14",
pages = "151--167",
journal = "Brain Topography",
issn = "0896-0267",
publisher = "Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences Press Inc.",
number = "3",
}