Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis and mimics

Alessandro Dinoto; Pietro Zara; Sara Mariotto; Sergio Ferrari; Eoin P. Flanagan; Adrian Budhram; Daniela Orellana; Davide Turilli; Paolo Solla; Gregory S. Day; Elia Sechi; A. Sebastian Lopez-Chiriboga

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578071

Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis and mimics

Alessandro Dinoto, Pietro Zara, Sara Mariotto, Sergio Ferrari, Eoin P. Flanagan, Adrian Budhram, Daniela Orellana, Davide Turilli, Paolo Solla, Gregory S. Day, Elia Sechi, A. Sebastian Lopez-Chiriboga

Neurology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

Abstract

The diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) requires reasonable exclusion of other conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize mimickers and misdiagnoses of AE, thus we performed an independent PubMed search for mimickers of AEs or patients with alternative neurological disorders misdiagnosed as AE. Fifty-eight studies with 66 patients were included. Neoplastic (n = 17), infectious (n = 15), genetic (n = 13), neurodegenerative (n = 8), and other neurological (n = 8) or systemic autoimmune (n = 5) disorders were misdiagnosed as AE. The lack of fulfillment of diagnostic criteria for AE, atypical neuroimaging findings, non-inflammatory CSF findings, non-specific autoantibody specificities and partial response to immunotherapy were major confounding factors.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	578071
Journal	Journal of neuroimmunology
Volume	378
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578071
State	Published - May 15 2023

Keywords

Autoimmune encephalitis
Differential diagnosis
Mimickers
Misdiagnosis

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Immunology and Allergy
Immunology
Neurology
Clinical Neurology

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10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578071

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title = "Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis and mimics",

abstract = "The diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) requires reasonable exclusion of other conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize mimickers and misdiagnoses of AE, thus we performed an independent PubMed search for mimickers of AEs or patients with alternative neurological disorders misdiagnosed as AE. Fifty-eight studies with 66 patients were included. Neoplastic (n = 17), infectious (n = 15), genetic (n = 13), neurodegenerative (n = 8), and other neurological (n = 8) or systemic autoimmune (n = 5) disorders were misdiagnosed as AE. The lack of fulfillment of diagnostic criteria for AE, atypical neuroimaging findings, non-inflammatory CSF findings, non-specific autoantibody specificities and partial response to immunotherapy were major confounding factors.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578071",

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AU - Dinoto, Alessandro

AU - Zara, Pietro

AU - Mariotto, Sara

AU - Ferrari, Sergio

AU - Flanagan, Eoin P.

AU - Budhram, Adrian

AU - Orellana, Daniela

AU - Turilli, Davide

AU - Solla, Paolo

AU - Day, Gregory S.

AU - Sechi, Elia

AU - Lopez-Chiriboga, A. Sebastian

PY - 2023/5/15

Y1 - 2023/5/15

N2 - The diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) requires reasonable exclusion of other conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize mimickers and misdiagnoses of AE, thus we performed an independent PubMed search for mimickers of AEs or patients with alternative neurological disorders misdiagnosed as AE. Fifty-eight studies with 66 patients were included. Neoplastic (n = 17), infectious (n = 15), genetic (n = 13), neurodegenerative (n = 8), and other neurological (n = 8) or systemic autoimmune (n = 5) disorders were misdiagnosed as AE. The lack of fulfillment of diagnostic criteria for AE, atypical neuroimaging findings, non-inflammatory CSF findings, non-specific autoantibody specificities and partial response to immunotherapy were major confounding factors.

AB - The diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) requires reasonable exclusion of other conditions. The aim of this study is to characterize mimickers and misdiagnoses of AE, thus we performed an independent PubMed search for mimickers of AEs or patients with alternative neurological disorders misdiagnosed as AE. Fifty-eight studies with 66 patients were included. Neoplastic (n = 17), infectious (n = 15), genetic (n = 13), neurodegenerative (n = 8), and other neurological (n = 8) or systemic autoimmune (n = 5) disorders were misdiagnosed as AE. The lack of fulfillment of diagnostic criteria for AE, atypical neuroimaging findings, non-inflammatory CSF findings, non-specific autoantibody specificities and partial response to immunotherapy were major confounding factors.

KW - Autoimmune encephalitis

KW - Differential diagnosis

KW - Mimickers

KW - Misdiagnosis

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DO - 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578071

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SN - 0165-5728

VL - 378

JO - Journal of neuroimmunology

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Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis and mimics

Abstract

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Access to Document

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