@article{867c99d16fbc4befa47eb6249427fb4c,
title = "Associations between markers of cellular and humoral immunity to rubella virus following a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine",
abstract = "Introduction: Rubella virus (RV) was eliminated in the United States in 2004, although a small portion of the population fails to develop long-term immunity against RV even after two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. We hypothesized that inherent biological differences in cytokine and chemokine signaling likely govern an individual's response to a third dose of the vaccine. Methods: Healthy young women (n = 97) were selected as study participants if they had either low or high extremes of RV-specific antibody titer after two previous doses of MMR vaccine. We measured cytokine and chemokine secretion from RV-stimulated PBMCs before and 28 days after they received a third dose of MMR vaccine and assessed correlations with humoral immune response outcomes. Results: High and low antibody vaccine responders exhibited a strong pro-inflammatory cellular response, with an underlying Th1-associated signature (IL-2, IFN-γ, MIP-1β, IP-10) and suppressed production of most Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). IL-10 and IL-4 exhibited significant negative associations with neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell ELISpot responses among low vaccine responders. Conclusion: IL-4 and IL-10 signaling pathways may be potential targets for understanding and improving the immune response to rubella vaccination or for designing new vaccines that induce more durable immunity.",
keywords = "Chemokine, Cytokine, Immunity, Cellular, Immunity, Humoral, Immunity, Innate, MMR, Measles-mumps-rubella, Rubella",
author = "Crooke, {Stephen N.} and Ovsyannikova, {Inna G.} and Kennedy, {Richard B.} and Warner, {Nathaniel D.} and Poland, {Gregory A.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Dr. Poland is the chair of a Safety Evaluation Committee for novel investigational vaccine trials being conducted by Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Poland offers consultative advice on vaccine development to Merck & Co. Inc., Medicago, Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Emergent Biosolutions, Dynavax, Genentech, Eli Lilly and Company, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Global Services LLC, Kentucky Bioprocessing, AstraZeneca, and Genevant Sciences Inc. Drs. Poland and Ovsyannikova hold three patents related to measles and vaccinia peptide research. Dr. Kennedy holds a patent on vaccinia peptide research. Dr. Kennedy has received funding from Merck Research Laboratories to study waning immunity to measles and mumps after immunization with the MMR-II{\textregistered} vaccine. Drs. Poland, Kennedy, and Ovsyannikova have received grant funding from ICW Ventures for preclinical studies on a peptide-based COVID-19 vaccine. All other authors declare no competing financial interests. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Declaration of Competing Interest Review Board and was conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Declaration of Competing Interest policies.]. Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Caroline L. Vitse for editorial assistance and Diane Grill for contributions to statistical analysis. The research presented here was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award R37AI048793. The conclusions in this report are solely those of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
day = "25",
doi = "10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.071",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "38",
pages = "7897--7904",
journal = "Vaccine",
issn = "0264-410X",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "50",
}