Radiography of Implantable Devices

Whether used for routine assessment of an implantable cardiac device or for troubleshooting, radiographic images of the system can be invaluable. Although the chest X-ray is the image most commonly assessed, other films, e.g. abdominal radiograph, may be needed if the device or lead(s) is placed in a nonthoracic position. In order to thoroughly assess a pacing, ICD, or CRT system, the radiograph must be approached in a systematic fashion. All of the necessary assessment steps are outlined and discussed in this chapter. Although standard X-ray images are sufficient for the vast majority of patients with implantable cardiac devices, some clinical situations may benefit from echocardiographic or CT evaluation.