Dependence of insulin-stimulated glucose transporter 4 translocation on 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 and its target threonine-410 in the activation loop of protein kinase C-ζ

Previous studies have suggested that 1) atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms are required for insulin stimulation of glucose transport, and 2) 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1) is required for activation of atypical PKCs. Presently, we evaluated the role of PDK-1, both in the activation of PKC-ζ, and the translocation of epitope-tagged glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane, during insulin action in transiently transfected rat adipocytes. Overexpression of wild-type PDK-1 provoked increases in the activity of cotransfected hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PKC-ζ and concomitantly enhanced HA-tagged GLUT4 translocation. Expression of both kinase-inactive PDK-1 and an activation-resistant form of PKC-ζ that is mutated at Thr-410, the immediate target of PDK-1 in the activation loop of PKC-ζ, inhibited insulin-induced increases in both HA-PKC-ζ activity and HA-GLUT4 translocation to the same extent as kinase-inactive PKC-ζ. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of kinase-inactive PDK-1 were fully reversed by cotransfection of wild-type PDK-1 and partly reversed by wild-type PKC-ζ, but not by wild-type PKB. In contrast to the T410A PKC-ζ mutant, an analogous double mutant of PKB (T308A/S473A) that is resistant to PDK-1 activation had only a small effect on insulin-stimulated HA-GLUT4 translocation and did not inhibit HA-GLUT4 translocation induced by overexpression of wild-type PDK-1. Our findings suggest that both PDK-1 and its downstream target, Thr-410 in the activation loop of PKC-ζ, are required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport.