Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Review

Importance: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive development of kidney cysts and is the most common inherited kidney disorder worldwide. ADPKD accounts for 5% to 10% of kidney failure in the US and Europe, and its prevalence in the US is 9.3 per 10000 individuals. Observations: ADPKD is typically diagnosed in individuals aged 27 to 42 years and is primarily caused by pathogenic variants in the PKD1 (78%) or PKD2 (15%) genes. Most persons with ADPKD have an affected parent, but de novo disease is suggested in 10% to 25% of families. More than 90% of patients older than 35 years have hepatic cysts, which may cause abdominal discomfort and occasionally require medical or surgical intervention. Hypertension affects 70% to 80% of patients with ADPKD, and approximately 9% to 14% develop intracranial aneurysms, which have a rupture rate of 0.57 per 1000 patient-years. Approximately 50% of individuals with ADPKD require kidney replacement therapy by 62 years of age. The severity of kidney disease can be quantified using the Mayo Imaging Classification (MIC), which stratifies patients based on total kidney volume adjusted for height and age and ranges from 1A to 1E. Patients with MIC 1C to MIC 1E have larger kidneys because of more rapid growth (6%-10% per year) compared with those with MIC 1A and 1B (1%-5% per year) and have earlier progression to kidney replacement therapy, which occurs at a mean age of 58.4 years for MIC 1C, 52.5 years for MIC 1D, and 43.4 years for MIC 1E. Optimal management of ADPKD includes systolic blood pressure lower than 120 mm Hg for most patients, but lower than 110/75 mm Hg for patients with MIC 1C to 1E who have an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² and are younger than 50 years, dietary sodium restriction (<2000 mg/d), weight management, and adequate hydration (>2.5 L daily). The vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan reduces the annual rate of eGFR decline by 0.98 to 1.27 mL/min/1.73 m² and is indicated for patients with MIC 1C to 1E or an eGFR decline greater than 3 mL/min/1.73 m² per year to slow disease progression and delay the onset of kidney failure. Conclusion: ADPKD is the most common genetic kidney disease worldwide and is characterized by progressive development of kidney cysts. Patients typically have hypertension and liver cysts, and 9% to 14% develop intracranial aneurysms. First-line treatment includes blood pressure control, dietary and weight management, and adequate hydration. Tolvaptan reduces the rate of eGFR decline for those at high risk of rapid progression to kidney failure.